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Plotting Points on a Rectangular Coordinate System

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Plotting Points on a Rectangular Coordinate System

Many maps, such as the Campus Map shown in the figure below, use a grid system to identify locations. Do you see the numbers \(1,2,3,\) and \(4\) across the top and bottom of the map and the letters A, B, C, and D along the sides? Every location on the map can be identified by a number and a letter.

For example, the Student Center is in section 2B. It is located in the grid section above the number \(2\) and next to the letter B. In which grid section is the Stadium? The Stadium is in section 4D.

The figure shows a labeled grid representing the Campus Map. The columns are labeled 1 through 4 and the rows are labeled A through D. At position A-1 is the title Parking Garage. At position A-4 is a rectangle labeled Residence Halls. At position B-2 is a rectangle labeled Student Center. At position B-3 is a rectangle labeled Engineering Building. At position C-1 is a rectangle labeled Taylor Hall. At position C-2 is a rectangle labeled Library. At position C-4 is a rectangle labeled Tiger Field. At position D-4 is a rectangle labeled Stadium.

Example

Use the map in the figure above.

  1. Find the grid section of the Residence Halls.
  2. What is located in grid section 4C?

Solution

  1. Read the number below the Residence Halls, \(4,\) and the letter to the side, A. So the Residence Halls are in grid section 4A.
  2. Find \(4\) across the bottom of the map and C along the side. Look below the \(4\) and next to the C. Tiger Field is in grid section 4C.

Just as maps use a grid system to identify locations, a grid system is used in algebra to show a relationship between two variables in a rectangular coordinate system. To create a rectangular coordinate system, start with a horizontal number line. Show both positive and negative numbers as you did before, using a convenient scale unit. This horizontal number line is called the x-axis.

The figure shows a number line with integer values labeled from -5 to 5.

Now, make a vertical number line passing through the \(x\text{-axis}\) at \(0.\) Put the positive numbers above \(0\) and the negative numbers below \(0.\) See the figure below. This vertical line is called the y-axis.

Vertical grid lines pass through the integers marked on the \(x\text{-axis}.\) Horizontal grid lines pass through the integers marked on the \(y\text{-axis}.\) The resulting grid is the rectangular coordinate system.

The rectangular coordinate system is also called the \(x\text{-}y\) plane, the coordinate plane, or the Cartesian coordinate system (since it was developed by a mathematician named René Descartes.)

The graph shows the x y-coordinate plane. The x and y-axis each run from -7 to 7. An arrow points to the horizontal axis with the label “x-axis”. An arrow points to the vertical axis with label “y-axis”. An arrow points to the intersection of the axes with label “origin”.

The rectangular coordinate system.

The \(x\text{-axis}\) and the \(y\text{-axis}\) form the rectangular coordinate system. These axes divide a plane into four areas, called quadrants. The quadrants are identified by Roman numerals, beginning on the upper right and proceeding counterclockwise. See the figure below.

The graph shows the x y-coordinate plane. The x and y-axis each run from -7 to 7. The top-right portion of the plane is labeled “I”, the top-left portion of the plane is labeled “II”, the bottom-left portion of the plane is labelled “III” and the bottom-right portion of the plane is labeled “IV”

The four quadrants of the rectangular coordinate system.

In the rectangular coordinate system, every point is represented by an ordered pair. The first number in the ordered pair is the x-coordinate of the point, and the second number is the y-coordinate of the point.

Definition: Ordered Pair

An ordered pair, \(\left(x,y\right)\) gives the coordinates of a point in a rectangular coordinate system.

\(\begin{array}{c}\text{The first number is the}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}x\text{-coordinate}.\hfill \\ \text{The second number is the}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}y\text{-coordinate}.\hfill \end{array}\)

The ordered pair x y is labeled with the first coordinate x labeled as “x-coordinate” and the second coordinate y labeled as “y-coordinate”

So how do the coordinates of a point help you locate a point on the \(x\text{-}y\) plane?

Let’s try locating the point \(\left(2,5\right)\). In this ordered pair, the \(x\)-coordinate is \(2\) and the \(y\)-coordinate is \(5\).

We start by locating the \(x\) value, \(2,\) on the \(x\text{-axis.}\) Then we lightly sketch a vertical line through \(x=2,\) as shown in the figure below.

The graph shows the x y-coordinate plane. The x and y-axis each run from -6 to 6. There is a vertical dotted line passing through 2 on the x-axis.

Now we locate the \(y\) value, \(5,\) on the \(y\)-axis and sketch a horizontal line through \(y=5\). The point where these two lines meet is the point with coordinates \(\left(2,5\right).\) We plot the point there, as shown in the figure below.

The graph shows the x y-coordinate plane. The x and y-axis each run from -6 to 6. An arrow starts at the origin and extends right to the number 2 on the x-axis. An arrow starts at the end of the first arrow at 2 on the x-axis and goes vertically 5 units to a point labeled “2, 5” in parentheses.

Example

Plot \(\left(1,3\right)\) and \(\left(3,1\right)\) in the same rectangular coordinate system.

Solution

The coordinate values are the same for both points, but the \(x\) and \(y\) values are reversed. Let’s begin with point \(\left(1,3\right).\) The \(x\text{-coordinate}\) is \(1\) so find \(1\) on the \(x\text{-axis}\) and sketch a vertical line through \(x=1.\) The \(y\text{-coordinate}\) is \(3\) so we find \(3\) on the \(y\text{-axis}\) and sketch a horizontal line through \(y=3.\) Where the two lines meet, we plot the point \(\left(1,3\right).\)

 

The graph shows the x y-coordinate plane. The x and y-axis each run from -6 to 6. A horizontal dotted line passes through 3 on the y axis. A vertical dotted line passes through 1 on the x axis. The dotted lines intersect at a point labeled “ordered pair 1, 3”.

To plot the point \(\left(3,1\right),\) we start by locating \(3\) on the \(x\text{-axis}\) and sketch a vertical line through \(x=3.\) Then we find \(1\) on the \(y\text{-axis}\) and sketch a horizontal line through \(y=1.\) Where the two lines meet, we plot the point \(\left(3,1\right).\)

 

The graph shows the x y-coordinate plane. The x and y-axis each run from -6 to 6. A horizontal dotted line passes through 1 on the y-axis. A vertical dotted line passes through 3 on the x axis. The dotted line intersects at a point labeled “ordered pair 3, 1”.

Notice that the order of the coordinates does matter, so, \(\left(1,3\right)\) is not the same point as \(\left(3,1\right).\)

Example

Plot each point in the rectangular coordinate system and identify the quadrant in which the point is located:

  1. \(\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(-1,3\right)\)
  2. \(\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(-3,-4\right)\)
  3. \(\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(2,-3\right)\)
  4. \(\left(3,\frac{5}{2}\right)\)

Solution

The first number of the coordinate pair is the \(x\text{-coordinate},\) and the second number is the \(y\text{-coordinate}.\)

Since \(x=-1,y=3,\) the point \(\left(-1,3\right)\) is in Quadrant II.

Since \(x=-3,y=-4,\) the point \(\left(-3,-4\right)\) is in Quadrant III.

Since \(x=2,y=-1,\) the point \(\left(2,-1\right)\) is in Quadrant lV.

Since \(x=3,y=\frac{5}{2},\) the point \(\left(3,\frac{5}{2}\right)\) is in Quadrant I. It may be helpful to write \(\frac{5}{2}\) as the mixed number, \(2\frac{1}{2},\) or decimal, \(2.5.\) Then we know that the point is halfway between \(2\) and \(3\) on the \(y\text{-axis}.\)

 

The graph shows the x y-coordinate plane. The x and y-axis each run from -7 to 7. The point “ordered pair 3, 5 over 2” is labeled “ordered pair “3,5 over 2”. The point “ordered pair -1, 3” is labeled “ordered pair -1, 3”. The point “ordered pair -3, -4” is labeled “ordered pair -3, -4”. The point “ordered pair 2, -1” is labeled “ordered pair 2, -1”.

How do the signs affect the location of the points?

Example

Plot each point:

  1. \(\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(-5,2\right)\)
  2. \(\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(-5,-2\right)\)
  3. \(\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(5,2\right)\)
  4. \(\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(5,-2\right)\)

Solution

As we locate the \(x\text{-coordinate}\) and the \(y\text{-coordinate},\) we must be careful with the signs.

 

The graph shows the x y-coordinate plane. The x and y-axis each run from -7 to 7. The point “ordered pair 5, 2” is labeled “ordered pair 5, 2”. The point “ordered pair -5, 2” is labeled “ordered pair -5, 2”. The point “ordered pair -5, -2” is labeled “ordered pair -5, -2”. The point “ordered pair 5, -2” is labeled “ordered pair 5, -2”.

You may have noticed some patterns as you graphed the points in the two previous examples.

For each point in Quadrant IV, what do you notice about the signs of the coordinates?

What about the signs of the coordinates of the points in the third quadrant? The second quadrant? The first quadrant?

Can you tell just by looking at the coordinates in which quadrant the point (−2, 5) is located? In which quadrant is (2, −5) located?

...

We can summarize sign patterns of the quadrants as follows. Also see the figure below.

Quadrant IQuadrant IIQuadrant IIIQuadrant IV
(x,y)(x,y)(x,y)(x,y)
(+,+)(−,+)(−,−)(+,−)

The graph shows the x y-coordinate plane. The x and y-axis each run from -7 to 7. The top-right portion of the plane is labeled “I” and “ordered pair +, +”, the top-left portion of the plane is labeled “II” and “ordered pair -, +”, the bottom-left portion of the plane is labelled “III” “ordered pair -, -” and the bottom-right portion of the plane is labeled “IV” and “ordered pair +, -”.

What if one coordinate is zero? Where is the point \(\left(0,4\right)\) located? Where is the point \(\left(-2,0\right)\) located? The point \(\left(0,4\right)\) is on the y-axis and the point \(\left(-2,0\right)\) is on the x-axis.

Definition: Points on the Axes

Points with a \(y\text{-coordinate}\) equal to \(0\) are on the \(x\text{-axis},\) and have coordinates \(\left(a,0\right).\)

Points with an \(x\text{-coordinate}\) equal to \(0\) are on the \(y\text{-axis},\) and have coordinates \(\left(0,b\right).\)

What is the ordered pair of the point where the axes cross? At that point both coordinates are zero, so its ordered pair is \(\left(0,0\right)\). The point has a special name. It is called the origin.

Definition: The Origin

The point \(\left(0,0\right)\) is called the origin. It is the point where the x-axis and y-axis intersect.

Example

Plot each point on a coordinate grid:

  1. \(\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(0,5\right)\)
  2. \(\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(4,0\right)\)
  3. \(\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(-3,0\right)\)
  4. \(\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(0,0\right)\)
  5. \(\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(0,-1\right)\)

Solution

  1. Since \(x=0,\) the point whose coordinates are \(\left(0,5\right)\) is on the \(y\text{-axis}.\)
  2. Since \(y=0,\) the point whose coordinates are \(\left(4,0\right)\) is on the \(x\text{-axis}.\)
  3. Since \(y=0,\) the point whose coordinates are \(\left(-3,0\right)\) is on the \(x\text{-axis}.\)
  4. Since \(x=0\) and \(y=0,\) the point whose coordinates are \(\left(0,0\right)\) is the origin.
  5. Since \(x=0,\) the point whose coordinates are \(\left(0,-1\right)\) is on the \(y\text{-axis}.\)

The graph shows the x y-coordinate plane. The x and y-axis each run from -7 to 7. The point “ordered pair 0, 0” is labeled “0, 0” in parentheses. The point “ordered pair 4, 0” is labeled “4, 0” in parentheses. The point “ordered pair 0, 5” is labeled “0, 5” in parentheses. The point “ordered pair 0, -1” is labeled “ 0, -1” in parentheses.

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