Summarizing Excretion Systems Summary Many systems have evolved for excreting wastes that are simpler than the kidney and urinary systems of vertebrate animals. The simplest system is that of contractile vacuoles present in microorganisms. Flame cells and nephridia in worms perform excretory functions and maintain osmotic balance. Some insects have evolved Malpighian tubules to excrete wastes and maintain osmotic balance.
Glossary flame cell (also, protonephridia) excretory cell found in flatworms
Malpighian tubule excretory tubules found in arthropods
microvilli cellular processes that increase the surface area of cells
nephridia excretory structures found in annelids
nephridiopore pore found at the end of nephridia
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